1. The Capitalization Multiple & Rates
Under the Gordon Growth framework, forward P/E is the inverse capitalization rate:
P/E = (1 - b) / (r - g)
Where r is the cost of equity and g is perpetual growth. When benchmark interest rates rise, r increases, compressing P/E multiples even if earnings hold firm.
2. Earnings Revision Drift (PEAD)
Academic research demonstrates that the velocity and acceleration of consensus estimate revisions: